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PMID: 19375293 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review

How are T(H)1 and T(H)2 effector cells made?

Current opinion in immunology ·Vol. 21 ·No. 2 ·2009-04-00 ·Pages 153-60

Amsen D, Spilianakis CG, Flavell RA

Abstract

Differentiation of T(H)1 and T(H)2 effector cells proceeds through several phases: First, naïve CD4(+) precursor cells are instructed to differentiate as appropriate to optimally fight the infectious threat encountered. This process is governed by the IL12 and IL4 cytokines, as well as by signaling through the Notch receptor. In response to these signals, transcription is initiated of lineage specific cytokine genes including the Ifngamma and Il4 genes as well as of genes encoding transcriptional regulators, such as T-bet and Gata3. The respective differentiation programs are reinforced by both positive and negative feedback mechanisms. Furthermore, epigenetic modifications of the lineage specific genes result in the emergence of regulatory elements, which control high level lineage restricted expression by both intrachromosomal and interchromosomal associations. Together, these mechanisms ensure stable inheritance of the differentiated fate in the numerous progeny of the original naïve CD4(+) T cells.

MeSH Terms
Animals CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology,immunology,metabolism Cell Differentiation/genetics,immunology Cell Lineage/genetics,immunology Cytokines/genetics,metabolism Gene Expression Regulation Humans Models, Biological Th1 Cells/cytology,immunology,metabolism Th2 Cells/cytology,immunology,metabolism
Chemicals
Cytokines
Authors & Affiliations
3 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Amsen Derk
Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Spilianakis Charalampos G
Flavell Richard A
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Article Info
Journal
Current opinion in immunology
Abbr.
Curr Opin Immunol
ISSN
1879-0372
DOI
10.1016/j.coi.2009.03.010
Published
2009-04-00
Epub
2009-00-15
Pages
153-60
Language
English
Region
England
NLM ID
8900118
PMCID
PMC2695256
Subset
IM
Grants
Howard Hughes Medical Institute · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.03.010 PMC Full Text View journal details
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