Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 18657470 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review

Phytopathogen type III effector weaponry and their plant targets.

Current opinion in plant biology ·Vol. 11 ·No. 4 ·2008-08-00 ·Pages 396-403

Block A, Li G, Fu ZQ, Alfano JR

Abstract

Phytopathogenic bacteria suppress plant innate immunity and promote pathogenesis by injecting proteins called type III effectors into plant cells using a type III protein secretion system. These type III effectors use at least three strategies to alter host responses. One strategy is to alter host protein turnover, either by direct cleavage or by modulating ubiquitination and targeting the 26S proteasome. Another strategy involves alteration of RNA metabolism by transcriptional activation or ADP-ribosylation of RNA-binding proteins. A third major strategy is to inhibit the kinases involved in plant defence signaling, either by the removal of phosphates or by direct inhibition. The wide array of strategies that bacterial pathogens employ to suppress innate immunity suggest that circumvention of innate immunity is crucial for bacterial pathogenicity of plants.

MeSH Terms
Bacterial Proteins/metabolism Host-Parasite Interactions Plant Proteins/metabolism Plants/genetics,microbiology RNA Stability Transcription, Genetic
Chemicals
Bacterial Proteins Plant Proteins
Authors & Affiliations
4 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Block Anna
Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0660, USA.
Li Guangyong
Fu Zheng Qing
Alfano James R
References (55)
55 references, click to expand
  1. Type III protein secretion in Pseudomonas syringae.
    Microbes Infect. 2003 Apr;5(4):301-10 PMID: 12706443
  2. Type III secretion system effector proteins: double agents in bacterial disease and plant defense.
    Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2004;42:385-414 PMID: 15283671
  3. A patch of surface-exposed residues mediates negative regulation of immune signaling by tomato Pto kinase.
    Plant Cell. 2004 Oct;16(10):2809-21 PMID: 15367718
  4. R gene expression induced by a type-III effector triggers disease resistance in rice.
    Nature. 2005 Jun 23;435(7045):1122-5 PMID: 15973413
  5. Xanthomonas type III effector XopD targets SUMO-conjugated proteins in planta.
    Mol Microbiol. 2003 Oct;50(2):377-89 PMID: 14617166
  6. Initiation of RPS2-specified disease resistance in Arabidopsis is coupled to the AvrRpt2-directed elimination of RIN4.
    Cell. 2003 Feb 7;112(3):369-77 PMID: 12581526
  7. The Pseudomonas syringae type III effector tyrosine phosphatase HopAO1 suppresses innate immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Plant J. 2007 Nov;52(4):658-72 PMID: 17877704
  8. Type III effector activation via nucleotide binding, phosphorylation, and host target interaction.
    PLoS Pathog. 2007 Mar;3(3):e48 PMID: 17397263
  9. The plant immune system.
    Nature. 2006 Nov 16;444(7117):323-9 PMID: 17108957
  10. Os8N3 is a host disease-susceptibility gene for bacterial blight of rice.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jul 5;103(27):10503-10508 PMID: 16798873
  11. Indirect activation of a plant nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat protein by a bacterial protease.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Feb 13;104(7):2531-6 PMID: 17277084
  12. A LysM receptor-like kinase plays a critical role in chitin signaling and fungal resistance in Arabidopsis.
    Plant Cell. 2008 Feb;20(2):471-81 PMID: 18263776
  13. Structural analysis of Xanthomonas XopD provides insights into substrate specificity of ubiquitin-like protein proteases.
    J Biol Chem. 2007 Mar 2;282(9):6773-82 PMID: 17204475
  14. Yersinia YopJ acetylates and inhibits kinase activation by blocking phosphorylation.
    Science. 2006 May 26;312(5777):1211-4 PMID: 16728640
  15. Salicylic acid in plant defence--the players and protagonists.
    Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2007 Oct;10(5):466-72 PMID: 17904410
  16. A bacterial effector acts as a plant transcription factor and induces a cell size regulator.
    Science. 2007 Oct 26;318(5850):648-51 PMID: 17962565
  17. Suppression of host defense in compatible plant-Pseudomonas syringae interactions.
    Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2005 Aug;8(4):361-8 PMID: 15936244
  18. Characterization of the Xanthomonas AvrXv4 effector, a SUMO protease translocated into plant cells.
    Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2004 Jun;17(6):633-43 PMID: 15195946
  19. Plant disease-resistance proteins and the gene-for-gene concept.
    Trends Biochem Sci. 1998 Dec;23(12):454-6 PMID: 9868361
  20. Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrPto blocks innate immunity by targeting receptor kinases.
    Curr Biol. 2008 Jan 8;18(1):74-80 PMID: 18158241
  21. Arabidopsis RIN4 is a target of the type III virulence effector AvrRpt2 and modulates RPS2-mediated resistance.
    Cell. 2003 Feb 7;112(3):379-89 PMID: 12581527
  22. Two Pseudomonas syringae type III effectors inhibit RIN4-regulated basal defense in Arabidopsis.
    Cell. 2005 Jun 3;121(5):749-59 PMID: 15935761
  23. RAR1, a central player in plant immunity, is targeted by Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrB.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Dec 12;103(50):19200-5 PMID: 17148606
  24. The phosphothreonine lyase activity of a bacterial type III effector family.
    Science. 2007 Feb 16;315(5814):1000-3 PMID: 17303758
  25. Bacterial elicitation and evasion of plant innate immunity.
    Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Aug;7(8):601-11 PMID: 16936700
  26. Specific bacterial suppressors of MAMP signaling upstream of MAPKKK in Arabidopsis innate immunity.
    Cell. 2006 May 5;125(3):563-75 PMID: 16678099
  27. Molecular characterization of proteolytic cleavage sites of the Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrRpt2.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Feb 8;102(6):2087-92 PMID: 15684089
  28. A member of the tomato Pto gene family confers sensitivity to fenthion resulting in rapid cell death.
    Plant Cell. 1994 Nov;6(11):1543-52 PMID: 7827490
  29. The type III effectors HsvG and HsvB of gall-forming Pantoea agglomerans determine host specificity and function as transcriptional activators.
    Mol Microbiol. 2006 Sep;61(5):1118-31 PMID: 16879413
  30. Genetic and molecular evidence that the Pseudomonas syringae type III effector protein AvrRpt2 is a cysteine protease.
    Mol Microbiol. 2003 Sep;49(6):1537-46 PMID: 12950919
  31. Plant pathogen recognition mediated by promoter activation of the pepper Bs3 resistance gene.
    Science. 2007 Oct 26;318(5850):645-8 PMID: 17962564
  32. A J domain virulence effector of Pseudomonas syringae remodels host chloroplasts and suppresses defenses.
    Curr Biol. 2007 Mar 20;17(6):499-508 PMID: 17350264
  33. A bacterial virulence protein suppresses host innate immunity to cause plant disease.
    Science. 2006 Jul 14;313(5784):220-3 PMID: 16840699
  34. RIN4 interacts with Pseudomonas syringae type III effector molecules and is required for RPM1-mediated resistance in Arabidopsis.
    Cell. 2002 Mar 22;108(6):743-54 PMID: 11955429
  35. YopJ targets TRAF proteins to inhibit TLR-mediated NF-kappaB, MAPK and IRF3 signal transduction.
    Cell Microbiol. 2007 Nov;9(11):2700-15 PMID: 17608743
  36. Two type III effector genes of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae control the induction of the host genes OsTFIIAgamma1 and OsTFX1 during bacterial blight of rice.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jun 19;104(25):10720-5 PMID: 17563377
  37. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato hijacks the Arabidopsis abscisic acid signalling pathway to cause disease.
    EMBO J. 2007 Mar 7;26(5):1434-43 PMID: 17304219
  38. A translocated protein tyrosine phosphatase of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 modulates plant defence response to infection.
    Mol Microbiol. 2003 Jul;49(2):389-400 PMID: 12828637
  39. The structural basis for activation of plant immunity by bacterial effector protein AvrPto.
    Nature. 2007 Sep 13;449(7159):243-7 PMID: 17694048
  40. The J-domain family and the recruitment of chaperone power.
    Trends Biochem Sci. 1998 Jun;23(6):222-7 PMID: 9644977
  41. Type III effector AvrPtoB requires intrinsic E3 ubiquitin ligase activity to suppress plant cell death and immunity.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Feb 21;103(8):2851-6 PMID: 16477026
  42. Disabling surveillance: bacterial type III secretion system effectors that suppress innate immunity.
    Cell Microbiol. 2004 Nov;6(11):1027-40 PMID: 15469432
  43. Genome-wide transcriptional analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana interaction with the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and the human pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7.
    Plant J. 2006 Apr;46(1):34-53 PMID: 16553894
  44. The Pseudomonas syringae type III-secreted protein HopPtoD2 possesses protein tyrosine phosphatase activity and suppresses programmed cell death in plants.
    Mol Microbiol. 2003 Jul;49(2):377-87 PMID: 12828636
  45. Cleavage of Arabidopsis PBS1 by a bacterial type III effector.
    Science. 2003 Aug 29;301(5637):1230-3 PMID: 12947197
  46. Pseudomonas syringae type III effector AvrRpt2 alters Arabidopsis thaliana auxin physiology.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Dec 11;104(50):20131-6 PMID: 18056646
  47. A type III effector ADP-ribosylates RNA-binding proteins and quells plant immunity.
    Nature. 2007 May 17;447(7142):284-8 PMID: 17450127
  48. A functional screen for the type III (Hrp) secretome of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae.
    Science. 2002 Mar 1;295(5560):1722-6 PMID: 11872842
  49. A bacterial E3 ubiquitin ligase targets a host protein kinase to disrupt plant immunity.
    Nature. 2007 Jul 19;448(7151):370-4 PMID: 17637671
  50. A family of conserved bacterial effectors inhibits salicylic acid-mediated basal immunity and promotes disease necrosis in plants.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jun 29;101(26):9927-32 PMID: 15210989
  51. Ralstonia solanacearum requires F-box-like domain-containing type III effectors to promote disease on several host plants.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Sep 26;103(39):14620-5 PMID: 16983093
  52. CERK1, a LysM receptor kinase, is essential for chitin elicitor signaling in Arabidopsis.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Dec 4;104(49):19613-8 PMID: 18042724
  53. New type III effectors from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria trigger plant reactions dependent on a conserved N-myristoylation motif.
    Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2007 Oct;20(10):1250-61 PMID: 17918627
  54. The Pseudomonas syringae type III effector AvrRpt2 promotes virulence independently of RIN4, a predicted virulence target in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Plant J. 2004 Dec;40(5):790-8 PMID: 15546361
  55. A Pseudomonas syringae effector inactivates MAPKs to suppress PAMP-induced immunity in plants.
    Cell Host Microbe. 2007 May 17;1(3):175-85 PMID: 18005697
Article Info
Journal
Current opinion in plant biology
Abbr.
Curr Opin Plant Biol
ISSN
1369-5266
DOI
10.1016/j.pbi.2008.06.007
Published
2008-08-00
Epub
2008-00-24
Pages
396-403
Language
English
Region
England
NLM ID
100883395
PMCID
PMC2570165
Subset
IM
Grants
NIAID NIH HHS · R01 AI069146 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · R01 AI069146-01A2 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · 1R01AI069146-01A2 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.06.007 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2