Androgens and metabolic syndrome: lessons from androgen receptor knock out (ARKO) mice.

Testosterone (T) is an important factor for determining body composition in males. Abdominal obesity is inversely correlated with serum T levels in men, leading to greater mortality. Pathologically hypogonadal men also have a significantly higher fat mass, which is reversed by T administration. However, the mechanism for such anti-obesity effect of androgen has not been well clarified. Androgen receptor (AR) null male mice revealed late-onset obesity. Male ARKO mice were euphagic compared to the wild-type male controls, but also less dynamic and less oxygen consuming. Transcript profiling indicated that male ARKO mice had lower transcripts for the thermogenetic uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). We also found enhanced secretion of adiponectin, which is insulin-sensitizing, from adipose tissue in comparison to wild type, which might partly explain why the overall insulin sensitivity of male ARKO mice remained almost intact despite their apparent obesity. In addition, decreased lipolysis rather than increased lipid synthesis was observed, which might also account for the increased adiposity in male ARKO mice. The results revealed that AR plays important roles in male metabolism by affecting the energy balance, and is negative to both adiposity and insulin sensitivity.