Inhibition of toll-like receptor signaling in primary murine microglia.

Microglial cells respond to the herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 by producing proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. After this inflammatory burst, these cells undergo apoptotic cell death. We have recently demonstrated that both virus-induced immune mediator production and apoptosis were induced through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling. Based upon these findings, we hypothesized that the inhibition of TLR2 signaling may serve as a means to alleviate excessive neuroinflammation. In the present study, we cloned four vaccinia virus (VV) proteins, which have been reported to disrupt either TLR signaling or NF-kappaB activation, and overexpressed them in HEK293T cells stably expressing murine TLR2 and in primary murine microglia. Using an NF-kappaB-driven luciferase reporter gene assay, we show that upon stimulation with HSV and Listeria monocytogenes, all four vaccinia proteins inhibited TLR2 signaling with different levels of inhibition in the TLR2-expressing cell line and primary microglia. We found similar results when microglial cells were stimulated with the TLR4 ligand LPS and the TLR9 ligand CpG ODN. Taken together, these data provide evidence that these VV proteins can function as inhibitors of TLR signaling in primary microglial cells.