Methods to impute missing genotypes for population data.

For large-scale genotyping studies, it is common for most subjects to have some missing genetic markers, even if the missing rate per marker is low. This compromises association analyses, with varying numbers of subjects contributing to analyses when performing single-marker or multi-marker analyses. In this paper, we consider eight methods to infer missing genotypes, including two haplotype reconstruction methods (local expectation maximization-EM, and fastPHASE), two k-nearest neighbor methods (original k-nearest neighbor, KNN, and a weighted k-nearest neighbor, wtKNN), three linear regression methods (backward variable selection, LM.back, least angle regression, LM.lars, and singular value decomposition, LM.svd), and a regression tree, Rtree. We evaluate the accuracy of them using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from the HapMap project, under a variety of conditions and parameters. We find that fastPHASE has the lowest error rates across different analysis panels and marker densities. LM.lars gives slightly less accurate estimate of missing genotypes than fastPHASE, but has better performance than the other methods.