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PMID: 16020726 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

The genome of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei.

Science (New York, N.Y.) ·Vol. 309 ·No. 5733 ·2005-07-15 ·Pages 416-22

Berriman M, Ghedin E, Hertz-Fowler C, Blandin G, Renauld H, Bartholomeu DC, Lennard NJ, Caler E, Hamlin NE, Haas B, Böhme U, Hannick L, Aslett MA, Shallom J, Marcello L, Hou L, Wickstead B, Alsmark UC, Arrowsmith C, Atkin RJ, Barron AJ, Bringaud F, Brooks K, Carrington M, Cherevach I, Chillingworth TJ, Churcher C, Clark LN, Corton CH, Cronin A, Davies RM, Doggett J, Djikeng A, Feldblyum T, Field MC, Fraser A, Goodhead I, Hance Z, Harper D, Harris BR, Hauser H, Hostetler J, Ivens A, Jagels K, Johnson D, Johnson J, Jones K, Kerhornou AX, Koo H, Larke N, Landfear S, Larkin C, Leech V, Line A, Lord A, Macleod A, Mooney PJ, Moule S, Martin DM, Morgan GW, Mungall K, Norbertczak H, Ormond D, Pai G, Peacock CS, Peterson J, Quail MA, Rabbinowitsch E, Rajandream MA, Reitter C, Salzberg SL, Sanders M, Schobel S, Sharp S, Simmonds M, Simpson AJ, Tallon L, Turner CM, Tait A, Tivey AR, Van Aken S, Walker D, Wanless D, Wang S, White B, White O, Whitehead S, Woodward J, Wortman J, Adams MD, Embley TM, Gull K, Ullu E, Barry JD, Fairlamb AH, Opperdoes F, Barrell BG, Donelson JE, Hall N, Fraser CM, Melville SE, El-Sayed NM

Abstract

African trypanosomes cause human sleeping sickness and livestock trypanosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. We present the sequence and analysis of the 11 megabase-sized chromosomes of Trypanosoma brucei. The 26-megabase genome contains 9068 predicted genes, including approximately 900 pseudogenes and approximately 1700 T. brucei-specific genes. Large subtelomeric arrays contain an archive of 806 variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes used by the parasite to evade the mammalian immune system. Most VSG genes are pseudogenes, which may be used to generate expressed mosaic genes by ectopic recombination. Comparisons of the cytoskeleton and endocytic trafficking systems with those of humans and other eukaryotic organisms reveal major differences. A comparison of metabolic pathways encoded by the genomes of T. brucei, T. cruzi, and Leishmania major reveals the least overall metabolic capability in T. brucei and the greatest in L. major. Horizontal transfer of genes of bacterial origin has contributed to some of the metabolic differences in these parasites, and a number of novel potential drug targets have been identified.

MeSH Terms
Amino Acids/metabolism Animals Antigenic Variation Antigens, Protozoan/chemistry,genetics,immunology Carbohydrate Metabolism Chromosomes/genetics Cytoskeleton/chemistry,genetics,physiology Ergosterol/biosynthesis Genes, Protozoan Genome, Protozoan Glutathione/analogs & derivatives,metabolism Glycosylphosphatidylinositols/biosynthesis Humans Lipid Metabolism Molecular Sequence Data Protein Transport Protozoan Proteins/chemistry,genetics,metabolism Pseudogenes Purines/metabolism Pyrimidines/biosynthesis Recombination, Genetic Sequence Analysis, DNA Spermidine/analogs & derivatives,metabolism Trypanosoma brucei brucei/chemistry,genetics,immunology,metabolism Trypanosomiasis, African/parasitology
Chemicals
Amino Acids Antigens, Protozoan Glycosylphosphatidylinositols Protozoan Proteins Purines Pyrimidines trypanothione Glutathione Spermidine Ergosterol
Authors & Affiliations
102 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Berriman Matthew
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK. mb4@sanger.ac.uk
Ghedin Elodie
Hertz-Fowler Christiane
Blandin Gaëlle
Renauld Hubert
Bartholomeu Daniella C
Lennard Nicola J
Caler Elisabet
Hamlin Nancy E
Haas Brian
Böhme Ulrike
Hannick Linda
Aslett Martin A
Shallom Joshua
Marcello Lucio
Hou Lihua
Wickstead Bill
Alsmark U Cecilia M
Arrowsmith Claire
Atkin Rebecca J
Barron Andrew J
Bringaud Frederic
Brooks Karen
Carrington Mark
Cherevach Inna
Chillingworth Tracey-Jane
Churcher Carol
Clark Louise N
Corton Craig H
Cronin Ann
Davies Rob M
Doggett Jonathon
Djikeng Appolinaire
Feldblyum Tamara
Field Mark C
Fraser Audrey
Goodhead Ian
Hance Zahra
Harper David
Harris Barbara R
Hauser Heidi
Hostetler Jessica
Ivens Al
Jagels Kay
Johnson David
Johnson Justin
Jones Kristine
Kerhornou Arnaud X
Koo Hean
Larke Natasha
Landfear Scott
Larkin Christopher
Leech Vanessa
Line Alexandra
Lord Angela
Macleod Annette
Mooney Paul J
Moule Sharon
Martin David M A
Morgan Gareth W
Mungall Karen
Norbertczak Halina
Ormond Doug
Pai Grace
Peacock Chris S
Peterson Jeremy
Quail Michael A
Rabbinowitsch Ester
Rajandream Marie-Adele
Reitter Chris
Salzberg Steven L
Sanders Mandy
Schobel Seth
Sharp Sarah
Simmonds Mark
Simpson Anjana J
Tallon Luke
Turner C Michael R
Tait Andrew
Tivey Adrian R
Van Aken Susan
Walker Danielle
Wanless David
Wang Shiliang
White Brian
White Owen
Whitehead Sally
Woodward John
Wortman Jennifer
Adams Mark D
Embley T Martin
Gull Keith
Ullu Elisabetta
Barry J David
Fairlamb Alan H
Opperdoes Fred
Barrell Barclay G
Donelson John E
Hall Neil
Fraser Claire M
Melville Sara E
El-Sayed Najib M
Article Info
Journal
Science (New York, N.Y.)
Abbr.
Science
ISSN
1095-9203
Published
2005-07-15
Pages
416-22
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
0404511
Subset
IM
Grants
NIAID NIH HHS · R01 AI043062 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · U01 AI043062 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · AI43062 · United States
Wellcome Trust · United Kingdom
Databases
GENBANK
CP000066, CP000067, CP000068, CP000069, CP000070, CP000071, CR940345
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