Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 12692092 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Review

Antimicrobial growth promoters used in animal feed: effects of less well known antibiotics on gram-positive bacteria.

Clinical microbiology reviews ·Vol. 16 ·No. 2 ·2003-04-00 ·Pages 175-88

Butaye P, Devriese LA, Haesebrouck F

Abstract

There are not many data available on antibiotics used solely in animals and almost exclusively for growth promotion. These products include bambermycin, avilamycin, efrotomycin, and the ionophore antibiotics (monensin, salinomycin, narasin, and lasalocid). Information is also scarce for bacitracin used only marginally in human and veterinary medicine and for streptogramin antibiotics. The mechanisms of action of and resistance mechanisms against these antibiotics are described. Special emphasis is given to the prevalence of resistance among gram-positive bacteria isolated from animals and humans. Since no susceptibility breakpoints are available for most of the antibiotics discussed, an alternative approach to the interpretation of MICs is presented. Also, some pharmacokinetic data and information on the influence of these products on the intestinal flora are presented.

MeSH Terms
Animal Feed Animal Husbandry Animals Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects,pharmacology Food Additives/administration & dosage,adverse effects,pharmacology Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects,growth & development
Chemicals
Anti-Bacterial Agents Food Additives
Authors & Affiliations
3 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Butaye Patrick
Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. pabut@var.fgov.be
Devriese Luc A
Haesebrouck Freddy
References (223)
223 references, click to expand
  1. Antibacterial activity of efrotomycin.
    J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1976 Oct;29(10):1083-91 PMID: 994327
  2. Characteristic properties of streptococci of serological group L.
    Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1995 Mar;42(1):42-50 PMID: 7483900
  3. Isolation and characterization of a mocimycin resistant mutant of Escherichia coli with an altered elongation factor EF-Tu.
    FEBS Lett. 1977 Sep 15;81(2):303-7 PMID: 336393
  4. Quinupristin-dalfopristin is active against Toxoplasma gondii.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Aug;43(8):2043-5 PMID: 10428933
  5. Isolation and analysis of moenomycin and its biosynthetic intermediates from Streptomyces ghanaensis (ATCC 14672) wildtype and selected mutants.
    Z Naturforsch C. 1997 Mar-Apr;52(3-4):217-26 PMID: 9167274
  6. Efrotomycin, a new antibiotic from Streptomyces lactamdurans.
    J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1976 Jun;29(6):670-3 PMID: 950325
  7. Isolation of fecal Clostridium perfringens from broiler chickens and their susceptibility to eight antimicrobial agents for growth promotion.
    Nihon Juigaku Zasshi. 1988 Jun;50(3):832-4 PMID: 2905396
  8. High prevalence of colonization with vancomycin- and pristinamycin-resistant enterococci in healthy humans and pigs in The Netherlands: is the addition of antibiotics to animal feeds to blame?
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997 Sep;40(3):454-6 PMID: 9338505
  9. Prevalence of resistance to MLS antibiotics in 20 European university hospitals participating in the European SENTRY surveillance programme. Sentry Participants Group.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999 Jun;43(6):783-92 PMID: 10404317
  10. Clinical strain of Staphylococcus aureus inactivates and causes efflux of macrolides.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996 Apr;40(4):992-8 PMID: 8849266
  11. Susceptibility of poultry lactobacilli to ionophore antibiotics.
    Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1995 Jun;42(4):193-6 PMID: 8546016
  12. Sequence of a staphylococcal gene, vat, encoding an acetyltransferase inactivating the A-type compounds of virginiamycin-like antibiotics.
    Gene. 1993 Aug 16;130(1):91-8 PMID: 8344533
  13. [Resistance to streptogramin antibiotics in "Staphylococcus aureus" (author's transl)].
    Ann Microbiol (Paris). 1977 Apr;128A(3):277-87 PMID: 411409
  14. Moenomycin, an inhibitor of cell wall synthesis.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1968 Jan 11;30(1):7-13 PMID: 4866295
  15. Influence of a sub-therapeutic level of virginiamycin in feed on the incidence and persistence of Salmonella typhimurium in experimentally infected swine.
    J Anim Sci. 1979 Jul;49(1):128-33 PMID: 115823
  16. Calcium inhibition of efrotomycin production by Nocardia lactamdurans.
    J Ind Microbiol. 1991 Jan;7(1):41-4 PMID: 1367205
  17. Effect of combination of oxacillin and non-beta-lactam antibiotics on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 1994 Jun;33(6):1155-63 PMID: 7928809
  18. Anticoccidial drugs: growth and performance depressing effects in young chickens.
    Poult Sci. 1982 Apr;61(4):699-705 PMID: 7100061
  19. The role of molecular conformation in ion capture by carboxylic ionophores: a circular dichroism study of narasin A in single-phase solvents and liposomes.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1986 Jan 16;854(1):109-16 PMID: 3002459
  20. Evernimicin (SCH27899) inhibits a novel ribosome target site: analysis of 23S ribosomal DNA mutants.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Nov;44(11):3101-6 PMID: 11036030
  21. Mechanism of the inhibition of protein synthesis by kirromycin. Role of elongation factor Tu and ribosomes.
    Eur J Biochem. 1977 May 2;75(1):67-75 PMID: 324765
  22. Differences in antibiotic resistance patterns of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from farm and pet animals.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 May;45(5):1374-8 PMID: 11302798
  23. Effect of bambermycins, in vitro, on plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance.
    Am J Vet Res. 1984 Nov;45(11):2336-41 PMID: 6151815
  24. Antibiotic resistance patterns of enterococci and occurrence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in raw minced beef and pork in Germany.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998 May;64(5):1825-30 PMID: 9572958
  25. Characterization of a staphylococcal plasmid related to pUB110 and carrying two novel genes, vatC and vgbB, encoding resistance to streptogramins A and B and similar antibiotics.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Jul;42(7):1794-8 PMID: 9661023
  26. The effect of flavophospholipol (Flavomycin) and salinomycin sodium (Sacox) on the excretion of Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella enteritidis, and Campylobacter jejuni in broilers after experimental infection.
    Poult Sci. 1999 Dec;78(12):1681-9 PMID: 10626641
  27. In vitro activities of SCH27899 alone and in combination with 17 other antimicrobial agents.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Dec;43(12):2996-7 PMID: 10582895
  28. Use of enzyme tests in characterization and identification of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic gram-positive cocci.
    Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998 Apr;11(2):318-40 PMID: 9564566
  29. Sequence of a staphylococcal plasmid gene, vga, encoding a putative ATP-binding protein involved in resistance to virginiamycin A-like antibiotics.
    Gene. 1992 Aug 1;117(1):45-51 PMID: 1644314
  30. Epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the community and the relevance of farm animals to human infection.
    J Hosp Infect. 1997 Oct;37(2):89-101 PMID: 9364258
  31. Kinetic disposition, systemic bioavailability and tissue distribution of salinomycin in chickens.
    Res Vet Sci. 1993 Mar;54(2):179-83 PMID: 8460256
  32. Cloning and characterization of PBP 1C, a third member of the multimodular class A penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 Nov 5;274(45):32031-9 PMID: 10542235
  33. Mechanisms of resistance to quinupristin-dalfopristin among isolates of Enterococcus faecium from animals, raw meat, and hospital patients in Western Europe.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Feb;44(2):433-6 PMID: 10639378
  34. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of enterococci causing infections in Europe. The European VRE Study Group.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Oct;43(10):2542-6 PMID: 10508041
  35. Monensin, a new biologically active compound. VI. Anticoccidial activity.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother (Bethesda). 1967;7:369-77 PMID: 5596162
  36. The influence of a feed additive level of virginiamycin on the course of an experimentally induced Salmonella typhimurium infection in broilers.
    Poult Sci. 1983 Jan;62(1):30-7 PMID: 6402770
  37. Effects of different test conditions on MICs of food animal growth-promoting antibacterial agents for enterococci.
    J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Jul;36(7):1907-11 PMID: 9650934
  38. Association between decreased susceptibility to a new antibiotic for treatment of human diseases, everninomicin (SCH 27899), and resistance to an antibiotic used for growth promotion in animals, avilamycin.
    Microb Drug Resist. 1998 Summer;4(2):137-41 PMID: 9651001
  39. The effect of avilamycin in the control of stress-induced post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets.
    J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1989 Sep;12(3):296-301 PMID: 2810479
  40. Phenotypic distinction in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis strains between susceptibility and resistance to growth-enhancing antibiotics.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Oct;43(10):2569-70 PMID: 10508048
  41. In vitro susceptibility of Enterococcus faecium isolated from food to growth-promoting and therapeutic antibiotics.
    Int J Food Microbiol. 2000 Mar 25;54(3):181-7 PMID: 10777068
  42. The prevention of experimentally induced necrotic enteritis in chickens by avoparcin.
    Avian Dis. 1979 Oct-Dec;23(4):1072-4 PMID: 232655
  43. Effects of diet and bacitracin on growth, feed efficiency, and populations of Clostridium perfringens in the intestine of broiler chicks.
    Poult Sci. 1983 Aug;62(8):1619-25 PMID: 6314313
  44. Pharmacology and toxicology of the monovalent carboxylic ionophores.
    Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1982;22:465-90 PMID: 7044290
  45. Comparison of the activity of ionophores with other antibacterial agents against anaerobes.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1981 Apr;19(4):519-25 PMID: 7247375
  46. Bacillus licheniformis bacitracin-resistance ABC transporter: relationship to mammalian multidrug resistance.
    Mol Microbiol. 1995 Jun;16(5):969-76 PMID: 7476193
  47. Clinical evaluation of in-feed zinc bacitracin for the control of porcine intestinal adenomatosis in growing/fattening pigs.
    Vet Rec. 1996 May 18;138(20):489-92 PMID: 8736501
  48. Occurrence of satA and vgb genes in streptogramin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates of animal and human origins in the Netherlands.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Dec;42(12):3330-1 PMID: 10049241
  49. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
    Lancet. 1988 Jan 2-9;1(8575-6):57-8 PMID: 2891921
  50. Linkage of vat(E) and erm(B) in streptogamin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates from Europe.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Aug;44(8):2231-2 PMID: 11023445
  51. [Avilamycin].
    Experientia. 1968 Apr 15;24(4):320-3 PMID: 5705169
  52. Incomplete cross resistance against ionophores in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis strains from pigs and poultry.
    Microb Drug Resist. 2000 Spring;6(1):59-61 PMID: 10868808
  53. Antimicrobial susceptibility and presence of resistance genes in staphylococci from poultry.
    Vet Microbiol. 2000 Jun 12;74(4):353-64 PMID: 10831857
  54. Intrinsic and unusual resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin antibiotics in bacteria.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991 Jul;35(7):1273-6 PMID: 1929281
  55. Degradation of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotics by Lactobacillus strains from animals.
    Ann Microbiol (Paris). 1981 Jan-Feb;132A(1):51-7 PMID: 6789742
  56. Enteric eradication of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium with oral bacitracin.
    Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1994 Feb;18(2):105-9 PMID: 8062527
  57. Factors affecting the incidence of necrotic enteritis, caecal carriage of Clostridium perfringens and bird performance in broiler chicks.
    Acta Vet Scand. 1992;33(4):369-78 PMID: 1488953
  58. Inhibition of protein synthesis by streptogramins and related antibiotics.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997 May;39 Suppl A:7-13 PMID: 9511056
  59. Antimicrobial resistance in gram-positive pathogens isolated in the UK between October 1996 and January 1997.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999 May;43(5):689-98 PMID: 10382891
  60. Identification of vat(E-3), a novel gene encoding resistance to quinupristin-dalfopristin in a strain of Enterococcus faecium from a hospital patient in the United Kingdom.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Feb;45(2):645-6 PMID: 11269234
  61. Use of penicillin-binding proteins for the identification of enterococci.
    J Gen Microbiol. 1986 Jul;132(7):1929-37 PMID: 3098903
  62. The efficacy and safety of quinupristin/dalfopristin for the treatment of infections caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Synercid Emergency-Use Study Group.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999 Aug;44(2):251-61 PMID: 10473233
  63. Comparison of the Tu elongation factors from Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli: possible basis for elfamycin insensitivity.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991 Nov;35(11):2366-70 PMID: 1839491
  64. Avilamycin, an inhibitor of the 30 S ribosomal subunits function.
    FEBS Lett. 1973 Oct 15;36(2):181-6 PMID: 4585189
  65. Effect of quinupristin/dalfopristin on the outcome of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteraemia: comparison with a control cohort.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997 May;39 Suppl A:145-51 PMID: 9511079
  66. In vitro lecithinase activity and sensitivity to 22 antimicrobial agents of Clostridium perfringens isolated from necrotic enteritis of broiler chickens.
    Res Vet Sci. 1988 Nov;45(3):337-40 PMID: 2905509
  67. Genetic analysis of antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes.
    J Bacteriol. 1978 Feb;133(2):852-9 PMID: 342510
  68. Evidence for an animal origin of vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
    Lancet. 1993 Aug 21;342(8869):490-1 PMID: 8102440
  69. Monensin toxicity in a flock of ostriches.
    Vet Rec. 1997 Jun 14;140(24):624-6 PMID: 9228693
  70. Characterization of the potent in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activities of ionophore compounds.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997 Mar;41(3):523-9 PMID: 9055986
  71. Mode of action of quindoxin and substituted quinoxaline-di-N-oxides on Escherichia coli.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1978 May;13(5):770-83 PMID: 352264
  72. An in vitro comparison of the susceptibilities of bacterial isolates from patients with conjunctivitis and blepharitis to newer and established topical antibiotics.
    Cornea. 1995 Jul;14(4):382-7 PMID: 7671609
  73. Effect of four antibiotic additives on the Salmonella contamination of chicks protected by an adult caecal flora.
    Avian Pathol. 1991 Dec;20(4):577-84 PMID: 18680055
  74. Antimicrobial resistance in pig faecal samples from the Netherlands (five abattoirs) and Sweden.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000 May;45(5):663-71 PMID: 10797090
  75. Presence of variations in ribosomal protein L16 corresponding to susceptibility of enterococci to oligosaccharides (Avilamycin and evernimicin).
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Dec;44(12):3425-7 PMID: 11083650
  76. EVERNINOMICIN, A NEW ANTIBIOTIC COMPLEX FROM MICROMONOSPORA CARBONACEA.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother (Bethesda). 1964;10:24-32 PMID: 14287938
  77. Activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin against gram-positive bacteria: clinical applications and therapeutic potential.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997 May;39 Suppl A:139-43 PMID: 9511078
  78. Moenomycin in animal nutrition.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother (Bethesda). 1965;5:749-52 PMID: 5883493
  79. Acute monensin toxicosis in Stone sheep (Ovis dalli stonei), blesbok (Damaliscus dorcus phillipsi), and a Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus).
    J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990 Jan 1;196(1):131-4 PMID: 2295548
  80. Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by elongation-factor-Tu-binding antibiotics MDL 62,879 and efrotomycin.
    Biochem J. 1992 May 1;283 ( Pt 3):649-52 PMID: 1590753
  81. Macrolide resistance genes in Enterococcus spp.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Apr;44(4):967-71 PMID: 10722498
  82. Review of antimicrobial growth promoting agents available.
    Vet Res Commun. 1983 Dec;7(1-4):85-99 PMID: 6364557
  83. Meonomycin, a new antibiotic. II. Characterization and chemistry.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother (Bethesda). 1965;5:737-42 PMID: 5883491
  84. [Determination of the sensitivity of Staphylococcus pyogenes to RP 7293 (pristinamycin) by the disk method].
    Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris). 1962 Apr;102:488-92 PMID: 14491494
  85. The influence of zinc bacitracin on the colonization of Salmonella infantis in the intestine of broiler chickens.
    Res Vet Sci. 1974 Jul;17(1):24-7 PMID: 4421322
  86. Moenomycin, a new antibiotic. I. Fermentation and isolation.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother (Bethesda). 1965;5:734-6 PMID: 5883490
  87. Effect of bambermycins on Escherichia coli and antibiotic resistance in calves.
    J Anim Sci. 1977 Dec;45(6):1239-42 PMID: 342477
  88. Susceptibility of fecal streptococci of poultry origin to nine growth-promoting agents.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1982 Oct;44(4):832-7 PMID: 7149716
  89. Mutations in ribosomal protein L16 conferring reduced susceptibility to evernimicin (SCH27899): implications for mechanism of action.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Mar;44(3):732-8 PMID: 10681347
  90. An ATP-binding cassette transporter and two rRNA methyltransferases are involved in resistance to avilamycin in the producer organism Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tü57.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Mar;45(3):690-5 PMID: 11181344
  91. EmtA, a rRNA methyltransferase conferring high-level evernimicin resistance.
    Mol Microbiol. 2001 Sep;41(6):1349-56 PMID: 11580839
  92. Identification of the satA gene encoding a streptogramin A acetyltransferase in Enterococcus faecium BM4145.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993 Oct;37(10):2119-25 PMID: 8257133
  93. Evernimicin binds exclusively to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits translation in cell-free systems derived from both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 May;44(5):1121-6 PMID: 10770739
  94. Evernimicin (SCH27899) inhibits both translation and 50S ribosomal subunit formation in Staphylococcus aureus cells.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Jun;44(6):1413-7 PMID: 10817686
  95. Safety and tolerability of quinupristin/dalfopristin: administration guidelines.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999 Sep;44 Suppl A:37-46 PMID: 10511396
  96. Effects of diet and antimicrobials on growth, feed efficiency, intestinal Clostridium perfringens, and ileal weight of broiler chicks.
    Poult Sci. 1984 Oct;63(10):2036-42 PMID: 6093090
  97. Isolation and structural identification of nine avilamycins.
    J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1986 Jul;39(7):877-87 PMID: 3759648
  98. Insights into erythromycin action from studies of its activity as inducer of resistance.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995 Apr;39(4):797-805 PMID: 7785974
  99. Inducible erythromycin resistance in staphylococci is encoded by a member of the ATP-binding transport super-gene family.
    Mol Microbiol. 1990 Jul;4(7):1207-14 PMID: 2233255
  100. Characterization of a new enterococcal gene, satG, encoding a putative acetyltransferase conferring resistance to Streptogramin A compounds.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Jul;43(7):1813-4 PMID: 10438336
  101. In vitro susceptibility and resistance of animal staphylococci to macrolide antibiotics and related compounds.
    Ann Rech Vet. 1976;7(1):65-74 PMID: 136223
  102. [Synergism of antibiotic components of the streptogramin group].
    Pathol Biol (Paris). 1971 Jun-Jul;19(11):613-9 PMID: 4933625
  103. Effect of selected antibiotics and anticoccidials on Salmonella enteritidis cecal colonization and organ invasion in Leghorn chicks.
    Avian Dis. 1994 Apr-Jun;38(2):256-61 PMID: 7980273
  104. Mechanism of bacitracin action: a specific lipid-peptide interaction.
    Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1974 May 10;235(0):387-98 PMID: 4368896
  105. Effect of growth promoters on monensin toxicity in broiler chicks.
    Br Poult Sci. 1994 Mar;35(1):123-33 PMID: 8199882
  106. [Preliminary results of antibiotic resistance monitoring in the Netherlands].
    Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 2000 Mar 1;125(5):143-6 PMID: 10730338
  107. Cationomycin and monensin partition between serum proteins and erythrocyte membrane: consequences for Na+ and K+ transport and antimalarial activities.
    Arch Biochem Biophys. 1999 Mar 15;363(2):361-72 PMID: 10068460
  108. Resistance to bacitracin as modulated by an Escherichia coli homologue of the bacitracin ABC transporter BcrC subunit from Bacillus licheniformis.
    J Bacteriol. 1999 Oct;181(19):6176-8 PMID: 10498733
  109. Susceptibility of fecal anaerobic bacteria from pigs and chickens to five polyether antibiotics for growth promotion.
    Nihon Juigaku Zasshi. 1988 Jun;50(3):783-90 PMID: 3210490
  110. The bacA gene, which determines bacitracin susceptibility in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, is also required for virulence.
    Microbiology. 2000 Jul;146 ( Pt 7):1547-53 PMID: 10878119
  111. Bacterial resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin antibiotics by target modification.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991 Jul;35(7):1267-72 PMID: 1929280
  112. In-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens from commercial turkey and broiler chicken origin.
    Vet Microbiol. 1997 Feb;54(2):195-200 PMID: 9057262
  113. Effect of antibiotic growth promoters and anticoccidials on growth of Clostridium perfringens in the caeca and on performance of broiler chickens.
    Acta Vet Scand. 1998;39(4):433-41 PMID: 9926457
  114. Outcome of a screening program for vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a hospital in Victoria.
    Med J Aust. 1999 Aug 2;171(3):133-6 PMID: 10474604
  115. Monensin, a new biologically active compound. I. Discovery and isolation.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother (Bethesda). 1967;7:349-52 PMID: 5596158
  116. In vitro and in vivo evaluations of the antibiotic efrotomycin.
    Poult Sci. 1983 Aug;62(8):1612-8 PMID: 6314312
  117. Nutritional effects of antibiotics.
    Pharmacol Rev. 1953 Dec;5(4):381-420 PMID: 13120335
  118. Amplification of the bacA gene confers bacitracin resistance to Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1993 Jun;175(12):3784-9 PMID: 8389741
  119. Effects of moenomycin on Escherichia coli.
    J Gen Microbiol. 1987 Mar;133(3):667-74 PMID: 3309167
  120. Antimicrobial resistance in enterococci isolated from Turkey flocks fed virginiamycin.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Mar;42(3):705-8 PMID: 9517958
  121. Costs of treating infections caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999 Sep;44 Suppl A:31-6 PMID: 10511395
  122. Trends in the resistance to antimicrobial agents of Streptococcus suis isolates from Denmark and Sweden.
    Vet Microbiol. 1998 Aug 28;63(1):71-80 PMID: 9810623
  123. Mechanism of action of bacitracin: complexation with metal ion and C 55 -isoprenyl pyrophosphate.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1971 Dec;68(12):3223-7 PMID: 4332017
  124. Current and future management of infections due to methicillin-resistant staphylococci infections: the role of quinupristin/dalfopristin.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999 Sep;44 Suppl A:11-8 PMID: 10511392
  125. [Pharmacodynamic effects of zinc bacitracin in the nutritive dosage range].
    Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1980;93(24):478-81 PMID: 7213328
  126. Distribution of genes encoding resistance to streptogramin A and related compounds among staphylococci resistant to these antibiotics.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996 Nov;40(11):2523-8 PMID: 8913457
  127. [Staphylococcus aureus in poultry--biochemical characteristics, antibiotic resistance and phage pattern (author's transl)].
    Zentralbl Bakteriol B. 1979 Jun;168(5-6):546-61 PMID: 159590
  128. In vitro activity of RP59500, an injectable streptogramin antibiotic, against vancomycin-resistant gram-positive organisms.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993 Mar;37(3):598-601 PMID: 8460927
  129. Observations on the in vitro sensitivity and resistance of Gram positive intestinal bacteria of farm animals to growth promoting antimicrobial agents.
    J Appl Bacteriol. 1984 Feb;56(1):117-23 PMID: 6706879
  130. Action of erythromycin and virginiamycin S on polypeptide synthesis in cell-free systems.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1988 Nov 10;951(1):42-52 PMID: 3142522
  131. In vitro activity of efrotomycin, ciprofloxacin, and six other antimicrobials against Clostridium difficile.
    Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1987 Jan;6(1):49-52 PMID: 3802745
  132. Biological applications of ionophores.
    Annu Rev Biochem. 1976;45:501-30 PMID: 786156
  133. Mechanism of action of kirromycin-like antibiotics.
    Annu Rev Microbiol. 1985;39:557-77 PMID: 3904612
  134. [Poisoning due to an ionophore anticoccidial agent in a commercial rabbit breeding farm].
    Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 1991 May 15;116(10):504-7 PMID: 2048060
  135. Studies on biochemical, serological and further characteristics of Streptococcus porcinus.
    Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1998 May;45(4):235-43 PMID: 9640104
  136. Acute maduramicin toxicity in calves.
    Vet Rec. 1997 Jun 21;140(25):643-6 PMID: 9226847
  137. Meonomycin, a new antibiotic. 3. Biological properties.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother (Bethesda). 1965;5:743-8 PMID: 5883492
  138. Multiple-drug resistant enterococci: the nature of the problem and an agenda for the future.
    Emerg Infect Dis. 1998 Apr-Jun;4(2):239-49 PMID: 9621194
  139. Control of transmission of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a long-term-care facility.
    Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999 May;20(5):312-7 PMID: 10349946
  140. In vitro testing of the anti-mycoplasma effect of some anti-coccidial drugs.
    Vet Microbiol. 1987 Oct;15(1-2):65-70 PMID: 3439016
  141. [In vitro study of various ionophore antibiotics and some of their derivatives. II. Characterization of the ionophore properties of the compounds in a model system for Na+ and K+ ions].
    Reprod Nutr Dev. 1987;27(5):921-8 PMID: 3685617
  142. Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, carbomycin and vernamycin B protect overlapping sites in the peptidyl transferase region of 23S ribosomal RNA.
    Biochimie. 1987 Aug;69(8):879-84 PMID: 3122849
  143. Influence of peas (Pisum sativum) as a dietary ingredient and flavomycin supplementation on the performance and intestinal microflora of broiler chicks.
    Br Poult Sci. 1989 Mar;30(1):81-9 PMID: 2787194
  144. Antimicrobial Activity of SCH 27899, Oligosaccharide Member of the Everninomycin Class with a Wide Gram-Positive Spectrum.
    Clin Microbiol Infect. 1995 Sep;1(1):35-43 PMID: 11866719
  145. In vitro activity of SCH 27899 (Ziracin) against Legionella species.
    Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1999 Jan;33(1):59-62 PMID: 9990477
  146. [Resistance to pristinamycin (or virginiamycin) of strains of Staphylococcus aureus].
    Pathol Biol (Paris). 1984 May;32(5):362-8 PMID: 6429610
  147. Virginiamycin effects on controlling necrotic enteritis infection in chickens.
    Poult Sci. 1982 Mar;61(3):447-50 PMID: 6806795
  148. Differential in vitro activities of ionophore compounds against Plasmodium falciparum and mammalian cells.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996 Mar;40(3):602-8 PMID: 8851578
  149. The control and prevention of necrotic enteritis in broilers with zinc bacitracin.
    Poult Sci. 1977 Jul;56(4):1229-31 PMID: 605080
  150. Effects of flavophospholipol on resistance in fecal Escherichia coli and enterococci of fattening pigs.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002 Jan;46(1):110-8 PMID: 11751120
  151. Bacitracin: an inhibitor of the dephosphorylation of lipid pyrophosphate, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1967 Mar;57(3):767-73 PMID: 16591529
  152. Analysis of regulatory region of ermAM genes in streptococci and enterococci highly resistant to macrolides and lincosamides.
    Adv Exp Med Biol. 1997;418:495-8 PMID: 9331702
  153. Characterization of a variant of vga(A) conferring resistance to streptogramin A and related compounds.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Sep;44(9):2271-5 PMID: 10952567
  154. Altered methylation of ribosomal RNA in an erythromycin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1971 Apr;68(4):856-60 PMID: 5279527
  155. Ionophore toxicity in turkey breeders.
    Avian Dis. 1982 Jul-Sep;26(3):634-9 PMID: 7150149
  156. Influence of bambermycins on Salmonella infection and antibiotic resistance in swine.
    J Anim Sci. 1976 May;42(5):1331-6 PMID: 773914
  157. Characterization of a new staphylococcal gene, vgaB, encoding a putative ABC transporter conferring resistance to streptogramin A and related compounds.
    Gene. 1997 Nov 20;202(1-2):133-8 PMID: 9427556
  158. satG, conferring resistance to streptogramin A, is widely distributed in Enterococcus faecium strains but not in staphylococci.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Jan;44(1):190-1 PMID: 10602747
  159. Sensitivity and resistance to growth promoting agents in animal lactobacilli.
    J Appl Bacteriol. 1981 Oct;51(2):283-8 PMID: 6795171
  160. Impact of flavophospholipol and vancomycin on conjugational transfer of vancomycin resistance plasmids.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Nov;44(11):3189-92 PMID: 11036050
  161. Associations between the use of antimicrobial agents for growth promotion and the occurrence of resistance among Enterococcus faecium from broilers and pigs in Denmark, Finland, and Norway.
    Microb Drug Resist. 2000 Spring;6(1):63-70 PMID: 10868809
  162. Antibiotics of the virginiamycin family, inhibitors which contain synergistic components.
    Microbiol Rev. 1979 Jun;43(2):145-92 PMID: 117294
  163. The inhibition by ionophores in vitro of an Enterococcus-like pathogen of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss.
    Vet Microbiol. 1993 Sep;36(3-4):253-9 PMID: 8273272
  164. Multiplicity of the genes and plasmids conferring resistance to pristinamycin in staphylococci selected in an Algerian hospital.
    Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1997 Oct;286(3):389-99 PMID: 9361385
  165. Subtherapeutic levels of antibiotics in poultry feeds and their effects on weight gain, feed efficiency, and bacterial cholyltaurine hydrolase activity.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1987 Feb;53(2):331-6 PMID: 3566269
  166. Occurrence and epidemiology of resistance to virginiamycin and streptogramins.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999 Feb;43(2):171-6 PMID: 11252321
  167. Diversity among the gram-positive acetyltransferases inactivating streptogramin A and structurally related compounds and characterization of a new staphylococcal determinant, vatB.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995 Sep;39(9):2027-36 PMID: 8540711
  168. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from food animals to antimicrobial growth promoters and related therapeutic agents in Denmark.
    APMIS. 1998 Jun;106(6):606-22 PMID: 9725794
  169. Interference of virginiamycin M with the initiation and the elongation of peptide chains in cell-free systems.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1974 Mar 27;340(3):285-98 PMID: 4596864
  170. Susceptibility of clostridia from farm animals to 21 antimicrobial agents including some used for growth promotion.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 1983 Oct;12(4):347-56 PMID: 6643330
  171. Properties of cell wall peptidoglycan synthesized by amino acid deprived re1A mutants of Escherichia coli.
    Can J Microbiol. 1984 Oct;30(10):1239-46 PMID: 6391642
  172. Delayed monensin sodium toxicity in horses.
    Equine Vet J. 1981 Apr;13(2):107-8 PMID: 7250099
  173. The distribution and excretion of zinc bacitracin-14C in rats and swine.
    Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1970 Sep;17(2):366-74 PMID: 5471557
  174. Influence of different medium components on the in vitro activity of the growth-promoting antibiotic flavomycin against enterococci.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000 Nov;46(5):713-6 PMID: 11062189
  175. In vitro susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens isolated from farm animals to growth-enhancing antibiotics.
    J Appl Bacteriol. 1993 Jul;75(1):55-7 PMID: 8365955
  176. Genetic and biochemical characterization of kirromycin resistance mutations in Bacillus subtilis.
    J Bacteriol. 1978 Sep;135(3):1107-17 PMID: 99428
  177. Nomenclature for macrolide and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance determinants.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Dec;43(12):2823-30 PMID: 10582867
  178. Nucleotide sequence of a staphylococcal plasmid gene, vgb, encoding a hydrolase inactivating the B components of virginiamycin-like antibiotics.
    Plasmid. 1988 Nov;20(3):271-5 PMID: 3149758
  179. [Antibiotic residues in organs and muscle tissues of broilers. I. Bacitracin, flavomycin, spiramycin and viriniamycin residues following administration of diets containing low levels of these antibiotics (author's transl)].
    Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 1976 NOV 1;101(21):1194-8 PMID: 823664
  180. Activity of RP 59500, a new parenteral semisynthetic streptogramin, against staphylococci with various mechanisms of resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotics.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 1992 Jul;30 Suppl A:67-75 PMID: 1399953
  181. [Effect of flavomycin on episomal resistant bacteria].
    Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1972 Aug;19(7):532-9 PMID: 4567177
  182. Histopathology of monensin-tiamulin myopathy in broiler chicks.
    Avian Pathol. 1984 Jul;13(3):459-67 PMID: 18766860
  183. The effect of bambermycin, carbadox, chlortetracycline and olaquindox on antibiotic resistance in intestinal coliforms: a new animal model.
    Ann Microbiol (Paris). 1984 Mar-Apr;135A(2):329-39 PMID: 6372582
  184. Comparison of direct and enrichment methods for the selective isolation of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from feces of pigs and poultry.
    Microb Drug Resist. 1999 Summer;5(2):131-4 PMID: 10432273
  185. Effect of bambermycins on quantity, prevalence, duration, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella typhimurium in experimentally infected broiler chickens.
    Am J Vet Res. 1982 Feb;43(2):299-303 PMID: 7046536
  186. Acute salinomycin toxicosis of pigs.
    J Vet Diagn Invest. 1995 Jul;7(3):419-20 PMID: 7578468
  187. Everninomicin, a new oligosaccharide antibiotic: its antimicrobial activity, post-antibiotic effect and synergistic bactericidal activity.
    Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1995;21(1):7-16 PMID: 7796712
  188. Investigations of toxicity episodes involving chemotherapeutic agents in Victorian poultry and pigeons.
    Avian Dis. 1985 Oct-Dec;29(4):1239-51 PMID: 3833224
  189. Mechanism of bacitracin resistance in gram-negative bacteria that synthesize exopolysaccharides.
    J Bacteriol. 1994 Oct;176(20):6229-37 PMID: 7928993
  190. The effect of salinomycin on the control of Clostridium perfringens type-A infection in growing pigs.
    Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1995 Aug;42(6):355-9 PMID: 8578915
  191. Inducible resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin type B antibiotics: the resistance phenotype, its biological diversity, and structural elements that regulate expression--a review.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 1985 Jul;16 Suppl A:63-90 PMID: 3932311
  192. Effect of avilamycin, tylosin and ionophore anticoccidials on Clostridium perfringens enterotoxaemia in chickens.
    Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2000 Jan;113(1):9-13 PMID: 10684178
  193. Analysis of murein and murein precursors during antibiotic-induced lysis of Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1991 Jun;173(11):3425-31 PMID: 2045364
  194. In vitro activity of pristinamycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
    Chemotherapy. 1983;29(3):218-24 PMID: 6409520
  195. Use of bacitracin therapy for infection due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.
    Clin Infect Dis. 1995 Dec;21(6):1520 PMID: 8749657
  196. The effect of growth-promoting antibiotics on the faecal enterococci of healthy young chickens.
    J Appl Bacteriol. 1988 Jan;64(1):57-64 PMID: 3127371
  197. Distribution of genes encoding resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins among staphylococci.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 May;43(5):1062-6 PMID: 10223914
  198. Demonstration of molecular interactions between the murein polymerase PBP1B, the lytic transglycosylase MltA, and the scaffolding protein MipA of Escherichia coli.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 Mar 5;274(10):6726-34 PMID: 10037771
  199. The in-vitro activity of RP 59500 against gram-positive cocci.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 1992 Jul;30 Suppl A:25-8 PMID: 1399947
  200. Effect of ionophorous anticoccidials on invasion and development of Eimeria: comparison of sensitive and resistant isolates and correlation with drug uptake.
    Poult Sci. 1987 Jun;66(6):960-5 PMID: 3658886
  201. Influence of salinomycin on antimicrobial resistance of coliforms and streptococci from broiler chickens.
    Poult Sci. 1982 Sep;61(9):1842-52 PMID: 7134138
  202. An ABC-transporter from Streptomyces longisporoflavus confers resistance to the polyether-ionophore antibiotic tetronasin.
    Mol Microbiol. 1994 Feb;11(4):777-85 PMID: 8196549
  203. Sensitivity of elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) from different bacterial species to the antibiotics efrotomycin, pulvomycin and MDL 62879.
    J Gen Microbiol. 1993 Apr;139(4):769-74 PMID: 8515234
  204. [Toxicity of the combination of salinomycin and tiamulin in swine].
    Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1997 Sep;104(9):405-10 PMID: 9410734
  205. Differential susceptibilities of enterococcal species to elfamycin antibiotics.
    J Clin Microbiol. 1994 Aug;32(8):2016-8 PMID: 7989561
  206. Salmonella colonization in young chickens given feed supplemented with the growth promoting antibiotic avilamycin.
    J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1988 Sep;11(3):269-75 PMID: 3184267
  207. Effect of ionophores and pH on growth of Streptococcus bovis in batch and continuous culture.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1990 Jun;56(6):1588-93 PMID: 2383003
  208. In vitro activities of the everninomicin SCH 27899 and other newer antimicrobial agents against Borrelia burgdorferi.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Jul;43(7):1773-5 PMID: 10390242
  209. Quinoxaline-1, 4-di-N oxides. I. Inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli by 2,3-dihydroxymethyl-quinoxaline-1, 4-di-N-oxide.
    Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1970 Feb;133(2):398-400 PMID: 4905567
  210. Effect of efrotomycin in feed on the quantity, duration, and prevalence of shedding and antibacterial susceptibility of Salmonella typhimurium in experimentally infected swine.
    Am J Vet Res. 1988 Nov;49(11):1832-5 PMID: 3073676
  211. In-vitro and in-vivo antibacterial activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997 May;39 Suppl A:15-21 PMID: 9511057
  212. Structural alterations in the translational attenuator of constitutively expressed ermC genes.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Jul;43(7):1681-5 PMID: 10390222
  213. Detection of the satA gene and transferability of virginiamycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium from food-animals.
    FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1998 Nov 1;168(1):145-51 PMID: 9812375
  214. Quinupristin/dalfopristin: therapeutic potential for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections.
    J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999 Sep;44 Suppl A:25-30 PMID: 10511394
  215. Lack of efficacy of oral bacitracin plus doxycycline for the eradication of stool colonization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.
    Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Aug;29(2):361-6 PMID: 10476743
  216. Mutational analysis of the Streptococcus pneumoniae bimodular class A penicillin-binding proteins.
    J Bacteriol. 1999 Jun;181(12):3852-6 PMID: 10368166
  217. Polymerization by transglycosylation in the biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan of Escherichia coli K 12 and its inhibition by antibiotics.
    FEBS Lett. 1978 May 1;89(1):141-4 PMID: 350621
  218. Salinomycin toxicosis in male breeder turkeys.
    Avian Dis. 1995 Jul-Sep;39(3):638-42 PMID: 8561753
  219. The effect of monensin against swine dysentery.
    Br Vet J. 1989 Jul-Aug;145(4):373-7 PMID: 2775985
  220. Sensitivity of staphylococci from farm animals to antibacterial agents used for growth promotion and therapy. A ten year study.
    Ann Rech Vet. 1980;11(4):399-408 PMID: 7337397
  221. The effect of feeding diets containing permitted antibiotics on the faecal excretion of Salmonella typhimurium by experimentally infected chickens.
    J Hyg (Lond). 1975 Oct;75(2):293-301 PMID: 1100715
  222. Growth depression in broiler chicks caused by incompatibility of feed ingredients.
    Acta Vet Hung. 1987;35(4):349-58 PMID: 3447456
  223. Fetotoxicity of some anticoccidial drugs in chickens.
    Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1989 May;96(6):296-8 PMID: 2758981
Article Info
Journal
Clinical microbiology reviews
Abbr.
Clin Microbiol Rev
ISSN
0893-8512
DOI
10.1128/CMR.16.2.175-188.2003
Email
pabut@var.fgov.be
Published
2003-04-00
Pages
175-88
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
8807282
PMCID
PMC153145
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1128/CMR.16.2.175-188.2003 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2