Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor can induce angiogenesis independently of vascular endothelial growth factor.

Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) promotes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and induces angiogenesis in multiple pathological conditions. The present study was designed to delineate the HGF/SF and VEGF signaling cascades during angiogenesis by using PTK787, a selective VEGF receptor antagonist. PTK787 produced a concentration-dependent (10(-8) to 10(-6) mol/L) inhibition of VEGF-induced angiogenesis, without altering the basal or HGF/SF-induced response in vitro. In contrast, the nonspecific kinase inhibitor genistein blocked the HGF/SF-induced effect. Both VEGF and HGF/SF induced a rapid phosphorylation of extracellular receptor kinases-1 and -2 (ERKs) and Akt. PTK787 inhibited the VEGF-induced activation of Akt and ERKs, without affecting the HGF/SF-induced phosphorylation. Treatment with VEGF and HGF/SF increased total neovascularization in a murine scaffold granuloma model, but no additive or synergistic interactions were observed. PTK787 (50 mg/kg) blocked the VEGF-induced response without altering the basal or HGF/SF-induced neovascularization. We demonstrate that HGF/SF can induce angiogenesis independently of VEGF, possibly through the direct activation of the Akt and ERKs. These results demonstrate the necessity of a multitargeted approach for the rational design of newer therapies to inhibit pathophysiological angiogenesis.