Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 12454088 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

Characterization and effects of the replicated flowering time gene FLC in Brassica rapa.

Genetics ·Vol. 162 ·No. 3 ·2002-11-00 ·Pages 1457-68

Schranz ME, Quijada P, Sung SB, Lukens L, Amasino R, Osborn TC

Abstract

Functional genetic redundancy is widespread in plants and could have an important impact on phenotypic diversity if the multiple gene copies act in an additive or dosage-dependent manner. We have cloned four Brassica rapa homologs (BrFLC) of the MADS-box flowering-time regulator FLC, located at the top of chromosome 5 of Arabidopsis thaliana. Relative rate tests revealed no evidence for differential rates of evolution and the ratios of nonsynonymous-to-synonymous substitutions suggest BrFLC loci are not under strong purifying selection. BrFLC1, BrFLC2, and BrFLC3 map to genomic regions that are collinear with the top of At5, consistent with a polyploid origin. BrFLC5 maps near a junction of two collinear regions to Arabidopsis, one of which includes an FLC-like gene (AGL31). However, all BrFLC sequences are more closely related to FLC than to AGL31. BrFLC1, BrFLC2, and BrFLC5 cosegregate with flowering-time loci evaluated in populations derived by backcrossing late-flowering alleles from a biennial parent into an annual parent. Two loci segregating in a single backcross population affected flowering in a completely additive manner. Thus, replicated BrFLC genes appear to have a similar function and interact in an additive manner to modulate flowering time.

MeSH Terms
Base Sequence Brassica rapa/genetics,growth & development Chromosome Mapping Cloning, Molecular Flowers/genetics,growth & development Gene Duplication MADS Domain Proteins/genetics,metabolism Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny Quantitative Trait Loci Sequence Analysis, DNA
Chemicals
MADS Domain Proteins
Authors & Affiliations
6 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Schranz M Eric
Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 53706, USA.
Quijada Pablo
Sung Si-Bum
Lukens Lewis
Amasino Richard
Osborn Thomas C
References (31)
31 references, click to expand
  1. Preservation of duplicate genes by complementary, degenerative mutations.
    Genetics. 1999 Apr;151(4):1531-45 PMID: 10101175
  2. Coding sequence divergence between two closely related plant species: Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis.
    J Mol Evol. 2002 Jun;54(6):746-53 PMID: 12029356
  3. Molecular analysis of FRIGIDA, a major determinant of natural variation in Arabidopsis flowering time.
    Science. 2000 Oct 13;290(5490):344-7 PMID: 11030654
  4. The association of flowering time quantitative trait loci with duplicated regions and candidate loci in Brassica oleracea.
    Genetics. 1998 Sep;150(1):393-401 PMID: 9725855
  5. The FLF MADS box gene: a repressor of flowering in Arabidopsis regulated by vernalization and methylation.
    Plant Cell. 1999 Mar;11(3):445-58 PMID: 10072403
  6. Multiple flowering time QTLs within several Brassica species could be the result of duplicated copies of one ancestral gene.
    Genome. 2001 Oct;44(5):856-64 PMID: 11681610
  7. Biochemical properties and level of expression of alcohol dehydrogenases in the allotetraploid plant Tragopogon miscellus and its diploid progenitors.
    Biochem Genet. 1980 Dec;18(11-12):1065-85 PMID: 7018492
  8. Stomatal size in fossil plants: evidence for polyploidy in majority of angiosperms.
    Science. 1994 Apr 15;264(5157):421-4 PMID: 17836906
  9. Control of flowering time by FLC orthologues in Brassica napus.
    Plant J. 2001 Dec;28(5):545-53 PMID: 11849594
  10. An improved sequence assembly program.
    Genomics. 1996 Apr 1;33(1):21-31 PMID: 8617506
  11. Naturally occurring indel variation in the Brassica nigra COL1 gene is associated with variation in flowering time.
    Genetics. 2002 May;161(1):299-306 PMID: 12019243
  12. Arabidopsis consensus intron sequences.
    Plant Mol Biol. 1996 Nov;32(3):531-5 PMID: 8980502
  13. Comparable rates of gene loss and functional divergence after genome duplications early in vertebrate evolution.
    Genetics. 1997 Nov;147(3):1259-66 PMID: 9383068
  14. fw2.2: a quantitative trait locus key to the evolution of tomato fruit size.
    Science. 2000 Jul 7;289(5476):85-8 PMID: 10884229
  15. Dosage effects on gene expression in a maize ploidy series.
    Genetics. 1996 Apr;142(4):1349-55 PMID: 8846910
  16. Linkage analysis of molecular markers and quantitative trait loci in populations of inbred backcross lines of Brassica napus L.
    Genetics. 1999 Oct;153(2):949-64 PMID: 10511570
  17. Comparative mapping in Arabidopsis and Brassica, fine scale genome collinearity and congruence of genes controlling flowering time.
    Plant J. 1996 Jan;9(1):13-20 PMID: 8580970
  18. The CONSTANS gene of Arabidopsis promotes flowering and encodes a protein showing similarities to zinc finger transcription factors.
    Cell. 1995 Mar 24;80(6):847-57 PMID: 7697715
  19. Hox group 3 paralogous genes act synergistically in the formation of somitic and neural crest-derived structures.
    Dev Biol. 1997 Dec 15;192(2):274-88 PMID: 9441667
  20. Simple methods for testing the molecular evolutionary clock hypothesis.
    Genetics. 1993 Oct;135(2):599-607 PMID: 8244016
  21. Transcriptional regulators and the evolution of plant form.
    Plant Cell. 1998 Jul;10(7):1075-82 PMID: 9668128
  22. Comparison of flowering time genes in Brassica rapa, B. napus and Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Genetics. 1997 Jul;146(3):1123-9 PMID: 9215913
  23. The evolutionary fate and consequences of duplicate genes.
    Science. 2000 Nov 10;290(5494):1151-5 PMID: 11073452
  24. Conserved structure and function of the Arabidopsis flowering time gene CONSTANS in Brassica napus.
    Plant Mol Biol. 1998 Jul;37(5):763-72 PMID: 9678571
  25. Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Nature. 2000 Dec 14;408(6814):796-815 PMID: 11130711
  26. Molecular evolution of flower development: diversification of the plant MADS-box regulatory gene family.
    Genetics. 1995 May;140(1):345-56 PMID: 7635298
  27. Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions.
    Mol Biol Evol. 1986 Sep;3(5):418-26 PMID: 3444411
  28. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 Nov 11;22(22):4673-80 PMID: 7984417
  29. Rapid evolution of the family of CONSTANS LIKE genes in plants.
    Mol Biol Evol. 2000 Oct;17(10):1499-507 PMID: 11018156
  30. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1997 Sep 1;25(17):3389-402 PMID: 9254694
  31. The genetics of plant morphological evolution.
    Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2002 Feb;5(1):49-55 PMID: 11788308
Article Info
Journal
Genetics
Abbr.
Genetics
ISSN
0016-6731
DOI
10.1093/genetics/162.3.1457
Published
2002-11-00
Pages
1457-68
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
0374636
PMCID
PMC1462321
Subset
IM
Databases
GENBANK
AY115672, AY115673, AY115674, AY115675, AY115676, AY115677, AY115678
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1093/genetics/162.3.1457 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2