Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 12184798 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Categorization of humans in biomedical research: genes, race and disease.

Genome biology ·Vol. 3 ·No. 7 ·2002-07-01 ·Pages comment2007

Risch N, Burchard E, Ziv E, Tang H

Abstract

A debate has arisen regarding the validity of racial/ethnic categories for biomedical and genetic research. An epidemiologic perspective on the issue of human categorization in biomedical and genetic research strongly supports the continued use of self-identified race and ethnicity.

MeSH Terms
Alleles Cluster Analysis Disease/ethnology,etiology Drug Therapy Environment Evolution, Molecular Genes Genetic Predisposition to Disease Genetic Variation Humans Racial Groups/genetics Research Risk Factors Terminology as Topic United States
Authors & Affiliations
4 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Risch Neil
Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5120, USA. risch@lahmed.stanford.edu
Burchard Esteban
Ziv Elad
Tang Hua
References (33)
33 references, click to expand
  1. Migration patterns and breast cancer risk in Asian-American women.
    J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993 Nov 17;85(22):1819-27 PMID: 8230262
  2. Origins of U.S. Hispanics. Implications for diabetes.
    Diabetes Care. 1991 Jul;14(7):618-27 PMID: 1914811
  3. Ethnic differences in human leukocyte antigen markers of susceptibility to IDDM.
    Diabetes Care. 1994 Feb;17(2):132-7 PMID: 8137683
  4. Polymorphic admixture typing in human ethnic populations.
    Am J Hum Genet. 1994 Oct;55(4):788-808 PMID: 7942857
  5. Global patterns of linkage disequilibrium at the CD4 locus and modern human origins.
    Science. 1996 Mar 8;271(5254):1380-7 PMID: 8596909
  6. Microsatellite variation and the differentiation of modern humans.
    Hum Genet. 1997 Jan;99(1):1-7 PMID: 9003483
  7. Microsatellite diversity and the demographic history of modern humans.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Apr 1;94(7):3100-3 PMID: 9096352
  8. An apportionment of human DNA diversity.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Apr 29;94(9):4516-9 PMID: 9114021
  9. Multilocus genotypes, a tree of individuals, and human evolutionary history.
    Am J Hum Genet. 1997 Sep;61(3):705-18 PMID: 9326336
  10. Genetic admixture and gallbladder disease in Mexican Americans.
    Am J Phys Anthropol. 1998 Jul;106(3):361-71 PMID: 9696151
  11. Short tandem repeat polymorphism evolution in humans.
    Eur J Hum Genet. 1998 Jan;6(1):38-49 PMID: 9781013
  12. Estimating African American admixture proportions by use of population-specific alleles.
    Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Dec;63(6):1839-51 PMID: 9837836
  13. Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes.
    Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):231-8 PMID: 10391209
  14. Patterns of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes for blood-pressure homeostasis.
    Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):239-47 PMID: 10391210
  15. Genomic views of human history.
    Science. 1999 Oct 15;286(5439):451-3 PMID: 10521333
  16. Census, race and science.
    Nat Genet. 2000 Feb;24(2):97-8 PMID: 10655044
  17. Individual estimates of European genetic admixture associated with lower body-mass index, plasma glucose, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians.
    Am J Hum Genet. 2000 Feb;66(2):527-38 PMID: 10677313
  18. Geography of HFE C282Y and H63D mutations.
    Genet Test. 2000;4(2):183-98 PMID: 10953959
  19. Use of race and ethnicity in epidemiologic research: concepts, methodological issues, and suggestions for research.
    Epidemiol Rev. 2000;22(2):187-202 PMID: 11218371
  20. Lesser response to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor therapy in black as compared with white patients with left ventricular dysfunction.
    N Engl J Med. 2001 May 3;344(18):1351-7 PMID: 11333991
  21. Racial profiling in medical research.
    N Engl J Med. 2001 May 3;344(18):1392-3 PMID: 11333999
  22. Racial differences in the response to drugs--pointers to genetic differences.
    N Engl J Med. 2001 May 3;344(18):1394-6 PMID: 11336055
  23. Haplotype variation and linkage disequilibrium in 313 human genes.
    Science. 2001 Jul 20;293(5529):489-93 PMID: 11452081
  24. Commentary: considerations for use of racial/ethnic classification in etiologic research.
    Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Aug 15;154(4):291-8 PMID: 11495850
  25. Markers for mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium in African American and Hispanic populations.
    Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Nov;69(5):1080-94 PMID: 11590548
  26. Population genetic structure of variable drug response.
    Nat Genet. 2001 Nov;29(3):265-9 PMID: 11685208
  27. Genes, drugs and race.
    Nat Genet. 2001 Nov;29(3):239-40 PMID: 11687784
  28. Pharmacogenetics: more than skin deep.
    Nat Genet. 2001 Nov;29(3):247-8 PMID: 11687789
  29. Ethnic disparities in diabetic complications in an insured population.
    JAMA. 2002 May 15;287(19):2519-27 PMID: 12020332
  30. Reconstruction of human evolution: bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Aug;85(16):6002-6 PMID: 3166138
  31. Gm3;5,13,14 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an association in American Indians with genetic admixture.
    Am J Hum Genet. 1988 Oct;43(4):520-6 PMID: 3177389
  32. Drift, admixture, and selection in human evolution: a study with DNA polymorphisms.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Feb 1;88(3):839-43 PMID: 1992475
  33. High resolution of human evolutionary trees with polymorphic microsatellites.
    Nature. 1994 Mar 31;368(6470):455-7 PMID: 7510853
Article Info
Journal
Genome biology
Abbr.
Genome Biol
ISSN
1474-760X
DOI
10.1186/gb-2002-3-7-comment2007
Email
risch@lahmed.stanford.edu
Published
2002-07-01
Epub
2002-00-01
Pages
comment2007
Language
English
Region
England
NLM ID
100960660
PMCID
PMC139378
Subset
IM
Grants
NIGMS NIH HHS · P01 GM057672 · United States
NIGMS NIH HHS · GM057672 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1186/gb-2002-3-7-comment2007 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2