Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 11199391 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Review

Hypersensitive response-related death.

Plant molecular biology ·Vol. 44 ·No. 3 ·2000-10-00 ·Pages 321-34

Heath MC

Abstract

The hypersensitive response (HR) of plants resistant to microbial pathogens involves a complex form of programmed cell death (PCD) that differs from developmental PCD in its consistent association with the induction of local and systemic defence responses. Hypersensitive cell death is commonly controlled by direct or indirect interactions between pathogen avirulence gene products and those of plant resistance genes and it can be the result of multiple signalling pathways. Ion fluxes and the generation of reactive oxygen species commonly precede cell death, but a direct involvement of the latter seems to vary with the plant-pathogen combination. Protein synthesis, an intact actin cytoskeleton and salicylic acid also seem necessary for cell death induction. Cytological studies suggest that the actual mode and sequence of dismantling the cell contents varies among plant-parasite systems although there may be a universal involvement of cysteine proteases. It seems likely that cell death within the HR acts more as a signal to the rest of the plant rather than as a direct defence mechanism.

MeSH Terms
Apoptosis Bacteria/genetics,pathogenicity Fungi/genetics,pathogenicity Models, Biological Plant Cells Plant Diseases/genetics,microbiology Plants/genetics,immunology Virulence/genetics
Authors & Affiliations
1 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Heath M C
Botany Department, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. heath@botany.utoronto.ca
References (69)
69 references, click to expand
  1. Reductase activity encoded by the HM1 disease resistance gene in maize.
    Science. 1992 Nov 6;258(5084):985-7 PMID: 1359642
  2. Gene-for-gene disease resistance without the hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis dnd1 mutant.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jun 23;95(13):7819-24 PMID: 9636234
  3. Tobacco mosaic virus virulence and avirulence.
    Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1999 Mar 29;354(1383):645-51 PMID: 10212944
  4. Type III protein secretion systems in plant and animal pathogenic bacteria.
    Annu Rev Phytopathol. 1998;36:363-92 PMID: 15012505
  5. Purification and characterization of two novel hypersensitive response-inducing specific elicitors produced by the cowpea rust fungus.
    J Biol Chem. 1997 Feb 14;272(7):3924-7 PMID: 9020095
  6. hrp gene-dependent induction of hin1: a plant gene activated rapidly by both harpins and the avrPto gene-mediated signal.
    Plant J. 1996 Oct;10(4):591-600 PMID: 8893538
  7. Clusters of resistance genes in plants evolve by divergent selection and a birth-and-death process.
    Genome Res. 1998 Nov;8(11):1113-30 PMID: 9847076
  8. Local mechanical stimulation induces components of the pathogen defense response in parsley.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jul 7;95(14):8398-403 PMID: 9653198
  9. Death Don't Have No Mercy: Cell Death Programs in Plant-Microbe Interactions.
    Plant Cell. 1996 Oct;8(10):1793-1807 PMID: 12239362
  10. PLANT DISEASE RESISTANCE GENES.
    Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 1997 Jun;48:575-607 PMID: 15012275
  11. Rapid Avr9- and Cf-9 -dependent activation of MAP kinases in tobacco cell cultures and leaves: convergence of resistance gene, elicitor, wound, and salicylate responses.
    Plant Cell. 1999 Feb;11(2):273-87 PMID: 9927644
  12. Cyanide restores N gene-mediated resistance to tobacco mosaic virus in transgenic tobacco expressing salicylic acid hydroxylase
    Plant Cell. 1998 Sep;10(9):1489-98 PMID: 9724695
  13. Constitutively active Pto induces a Prf-dependent hypersensitive response in the absence of avrPto.
    EMBO J. 1999 Jun 15;18(12):3232-40 PMID: 10369664
  14. Pathogen-induced programmed cell death in tobacco.
    J Cell Sci. 1997 Jun;110 ( Pt 11):1333-44 PMID: 9202394
  15. Salicylic acid potentiates an agonist-dependent gain control that amplifies pathogen signals in the activation of defense mechanisms.
    Plant Cell. 1997 Feb;9(2):261-70 PMID: 9061956
  16. Characterization of a 34-kDa soybean binding protein for the syringolide elicitors.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Mar 17;95(6):3306-11 PMID: 9501258
  17. A mutation within the leucine-rich repeat domain of the Arabidopsis disease resistance gene RPS5 partially suppresses multiple bacterial and downy mildew resistance genes.
    Plant Cell. 1998 Sep;10(9):1439-52 PMID: 9724691
  18. Fungal avirulence genes: structure and possible functions.
    Fungal Genet Biol. 1998 Aug;24(3):285-97 PMID: 9756710
  19. The tomato Cf-9 disease resistance gene functions in tobacco and potato to confer responsiveness to the fungal avirulence gene product avr 9
    Plant Cell. 1998 Aug;10(8):1251-66 PMID: 9707527
  20. Cleavage of Nuclear DNA into Oligonucleosomal Fragments during Cell Death Induced by Fungal Infection or by Abiotic Treatments.
    Plant Cell. 1996 Mar;8(3):393-402 PMID: 12239388
  21. Reactive oxygen intermediates as mediators of programmed cell death in plants and animals.
    Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Feb 1;57(3):231-45 PMID: 9890550
  22. Cloning of genes by mRNA differential display induced during the hypersensitive reaction of soybean after inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea.
    Plant Mol Biol. 1998 Dec;38(6):1225-34 PMID: 9869427
  23. Active oxygen in plant pathogenesis.
    Annu Rev Phytopathol. 1995;33:299-321 PMID: 18999963
  24. Mitochondria and apoptosis.
    Science. 1998 Aug 28;281(5381):1309-12 PMID: 9721092
  25. Ozone-induced cell death occurs via two distinct mechanisms in Arabidopsis: the role of salicylic acid.
    Plant J. 1999 Mar;17(6):603-14 PMID: 10230060
  26. Reactive oxygen intermediates mediate a systemic signal network in the establishment of plant immunity.
    Cell. 1998 Mar 20;92(6):773-84 PMID: 9529253
  27. Pathogen-induced programmed cell death in plants, a possible defense mechanism.
    Dev Genet. 1997;21(4):279-89 PMID: 9438342
  28. Determinants of pathogenicity and avirulence in plant pathogenic bacteria.
    Curr Opin Plant Biol. 1998 Aug;1(4):329-35 PMID: 10066603
  29. Interaction Analyses of Genes Required for Resistance Responses to Powdery Mildew in Barley Reveal Distinct Pathways Leading to Leaf Cell Death.
    Plant Cell. 1997 Aug;9(8):1397-1409 PMID: 12237388
  30. The Pto kinase mediates a signaling pathway leading to the oxidative burst in tomato.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Nov 12;93(23):13393-7 PMID: 11038525
  31. Modulation of plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity differentially activates wound and pathogen defense responses in tomato plants.
    Plant Cell. 1999 Feb;11(2):263-72 PMID: 9927643
  32. Suppressors of the arabidopsis lsd5 cell death mutation identify genes involved in regulating disease resistance responses.
    Genetics. 1999 Jan;151(1):305-19 PMID: 9872969
  33. Apoptosis of mouse liver nuclei induced in the cytosol of carrot cells.
    FEBS Lett. 1999 Apr 1;448(1):197-200 PMID: 10217440
  34. Activation of cysteine proteases in cowpea plants during the hypersensitive response--a form of programmed cell death.
    Exp Cell Res. 1998 Dec 15;245(2):389-99 PMID: 9851880
  35. Nitric oxide functions as a signal in plant disease resistance.
    Nature. 1998 Aug 6;394(6693):585-8 PMID: 9707120
  36. Inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase expression in Arabidopsis causes a lesion-mimic phenotype that induces systemic acquired resistance.
    Plant J. 1999 Mar;17(6):667-78 PMID: 10230064
  37. Resistance of nicotiana benthamiana to phytophthora infestans is mediated by the recognition of the elicitor protein INF1
    Plant Cell. 1998 Sep;10(9):1413-26 PMID: 9724689
  38. Detection of a homologue of bcl-2 in plant cells.
    Biochem Cell Biol. 1997;75(4):457-61 PMID: 9493969
  39. Activation of hsr203, a plant gene expressed during incompatible plant-pathogen interactions, is correlated with programmed cell death.
    Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 1998 Jun;11(6):544-54 PMID: 9612953
  40. Markers for hypersensitive response and senescence show distinct patterns of expression.
    Plant Mol Biol. 1999 Apr;39(6):1243-55 PMID: 10380810
  41. Caspases and programmed cell death in the hypersensitive response of plants to pathogens.
    Curr Biol. 1998 Oct 8;8(20):1129-32 PMID: 9778530
  42. Tracheary element differentiation uses a novel mechanism coordinating programmed cell death and secondary cell wall synthesis
    Plant Physiol. 1999 Feb;119(2):375-84 PMID: 9952432
  43. Receptor-mediated activation of a MAP kinase in pathogen defense of plants.
    Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):2054-7 PMID: 9197271
  44. Programmed cell death in plant disease: the purpose and promise of cellular suicide.
    Annu Rev Phytopathol. 1998;36:393-414 PMID: 15012506
  45. THE OXIDATIVE BURST IN PLANT DISEASE RESISTANCE.
    Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 1997 Jun;48:251-275 PMID: 15012264
  46. Slow and prolonged activation of the p47 protein kinase during hypersensitive cell death in a culture of tobacco cells
    Plant Physiol. 1999 Apr;119(4):1465-72 PMID: 10198106
  47. Localized changes in peroxidase activity accompany hydrogen peroxide generation during the development of a nonhost hypersensitive reaction in lettuce
    Plant Physiol. 1998 Nov;118(3):1067-78 PMID: 9808752
  48. The NB-ARC domain: a novel signalling motif shared by plant resistance gene products and regulators of cell death in animals.
    Curr Biol. 1998 Mar 26;8(7):R226-7 PMID: 9545207
  49. Bacterial Pathogens in Plants: Life up against the Wall.
    Plant Cell. 1996 Oct;8(10):1683-1698 PMID: 12239358
  50. Pathogen-induced elicitin production in transgenic tobacco generates a hypersensitive response and nonspecific disease resistance.
    Plant Cell. 1999 Feb;11(2):223-35 PMID: 9927640
  51. A porphyrin pathway impairment is responsible for the phenotype of a dominant disease lesion mimic mutant of maize.
    Plant Cell. 1998 Jul;10(7):1095-1105 PMID: 9668130
  52. The hypersensitive response and the induction of cell death in plants.
    Cell Death Differ. 1997 Dec;4(8):671-83 PMID: 16465279
  53. Salicylic acid induces rapid inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation in tobacco cells
    Plant Physiol. 1999 May;120(1):217-26 PMID: 10318699
  54. Calcium-mediated apoptosis in a plant hypersensitive disease resistance response.
    Curr Biol. 1996 Apr 1;6(4):427-37 PMID: 8723347
  55. Defense gene induction in tobacco by nitric oxide, cyclic GMP, and cyclic ADP-ribose.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Aug 18;95(17):10328-33 PMID: 9707647
  56. Generalized Induction of Defense Responses in Bean Is Not Correlated with the Induction of the Hypersensitive Reaction.
    Plant Cell. 1993 Jan;5(1):49-56 PMID: 12271015
  57. Role of the Plasmalemma H-ATPase in Pseudomonas syringae-Induced K/H Exchange in Suspension-Cultured Tobacco Cells.
    Plant Physiol. 1989 Sep;91(1):298-303 PMID: 16667014
  58. Activation of Phospholipase A by Plant Defense Elicitors.
    Plant Physiol. 1996 Mar;110(3):979-986 PMID: 12226235
  59. Role of calcium in signal transduction during the hypersensitive response caused by basidiospore-derived infection of the cowpea rust fungus
    Plant Cell. 1998 Apr;10(4):585-98 PMID: 9548984
  60. EDS1, an essential component of R gene-mediated disease resistance in Arabidopsis has homology to eukaryotic lipases.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Mar 16;96(6):3292-7 PMID: 10077677
  61. A central role of salicylic Acid in plant disease resistance.
    Science. 1994 Nov 18;266(5188):1247-50 PMID: 17810266
  62. Translocation of cytoplasm and nucleus to fungal penetration sites is associated with depolymerization of microtubules and defence gene activation in infected, cultured parsley cells.
    EMBO J. 1993 May;12(5):1735-44 PMID: 8491167
  63. Disease Lesion Mimicry Caused by Mutations in the Rust Resistance Gene rp1.
    Plant Cell. 1996 Aug;8(8):1367-1376 PMID: 12239417
  64. Correlation of Rapid Cell Death with Metabolic Changes in Fungus-Infected, Cultured Parsley Cells.
    Plant Physiol. 1996 Sep;112(1):433-444 PMID: 12226400
  65. The relationship between photosynthesis and a mastoparan-induced hypersensitive response in isolated mesophyll cells
    Plant Physiol. 1999 Apr;119(4):1233-42 PMID: 10198081
  66. The Arabidopsis thaliana RPM1 disease resistance gene product is a peripheral plasma membrane protein that is degraded coincident with the hypersensitive response.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Dec 22;95(26):15849-54 PMID: 9861059
  67. Hrp Mutant of Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola Induces Cell Wall Alterations but Not Membrane Damage Leading to the Hypersensitive Reaction in Lettuce.
    Plant Physiol. 1995 Jun;108(2):503-516 PMID: 12228488
  68. Changes in the cytoskeleton accompanying infection-induced nuclear movements and the hypersensitive response in plant cells invaded by rust fungi.
    Plant J. 1998 Oct;16(2):191-200 PMID: 22507136
  69. The Active Oxygen Response of Cell Suspensions to Incompatible Bacteria Is Not Sufficient to Cause Hypersensitive Cell Death.
    Plant Physiol. 1996 Mar;110(3):759-763 PMID: 12226215
Article Info
Journal
Plant molecular biology
Abbr.
Plant Mol Biol
ISSN
0167-4412
DOI
10.1023/a:1026592509060
Email
heath@botany.utoronto.ca
Published
2000-10-00
Pages
321-34
Language
English
Region
Netherlands
NLM ID
9106343
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1023/a:1026592509060 View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2