Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 11470041 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Review

The common genetic liability between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review.

Current psychiatry reports ·Vol. 3 ·No. 4 ·2001-08-00 ·Pages 332-7

Bramon E, Sham PC

Abstract

Current psychiatric nosology, strongly influenced by Kraepelin's dichotomy, classifies schizophrenia and bipolar disorder as separate diagnostic categories. However, growing evidence indicates that the two disorders may be more closely related than was thought in the past. Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia display considerable overlap in epidemiologic features; no risk factor is known to be specific to either. Furthermore, family studies reveal familial co-aggregation of the two disorders, and twin studies suggest a significant overlap in the genes contributing to schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and mania. Finally, despite the difficulties in the identification of convincing genetic loci for psychiatric disorders, there are at least four genomic regions in which linkage has been shown for both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Thus, recent evidence increasingly supports a dimensional approach in the understanding of the functional psychoses, and this is expected to have implications for etiologic research and future clinical treatment.

MeSH Terms
Bipolar Disorder/genetics Gene Expression/genetics Humans Risk Factors Schizophrenia/genetics Twin Studies as Topic Twins/psychology
Authors & Affiliations
2 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Bramon E
Division of Psychological Medicine and Social Genetic Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
Sham P C
References (61)
61 references, click to expand
  1. Parental transmission and D18S37 allele sharing in bipolar affective disorder.
    Genet Epidemiol. 1997;14(6):665-8 PMID: 9433560
  2. Seasonality of births in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review of the literature.
    Schizophr Res. 1997 Nov 7;28(1):1-38 PMID: 9428062
  3. Bipolar manic-depressive psychoses: results of a genetic investigation.
    Hum Genet. 1980;55(2):237-54 PMID: 7450767
  4. Low activity allele of catechol-O-methyltransferase gene associated with rapid cycling bipolar disorder.
    Mol Psychiatry. 1998 Jul;3(4):342-5 PMID: 9702744
  5. Lithium responsive bipolar disorder, unilineality, and chromosome 18: A linkage study.
    Am J Med Genet. 1999 Aug 20;88(4):411-5 PMID: 10402510
  6. Minor physical anomalies in psychoses: associations with clinical and putative aetiological variables.
    Schizophr Res. 1995 Dec;18(1):9-20 PMID: 8929756
  7. Psychotic illness in patients diagnosed with velo-cardio-facial syndrome and their relatives.
    J Nerv Ment Dis. 1994 Aug;182(8):476-8 PMID: 8040660
  8. Linkage studies suggest a possible locus for bipolar disorder near the velo-cardio-facial syndrome region on chromosome 22.
    Am J Med Genet. 1997 Apr 18;74(2):121-8 PMID: 9129709
  9. Genome scan of European-American schizophrenia pedigrees: results of the NIMH Genetics Initiative and Millennium Consortium.
    Am J Med Genet. 1998 Jul 10;81(4):290-5 PMID: 9674973
  10. Twin concordance for DSM-III schizophrenia. Scrutinizing the validity of the definition.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987 Jul;44(7):634-41 PMID: 3606329
  11. Bipolar spectrum disorders in patients diagnosed with velo-cardio-facial syndrome: does a hemizygous deletion of chromosome 22q11 result in bipolar affective disorder?
    Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Dec;153(12):1541-7 PMID: 8942449
  12. A schizophrenia locus may be located in region 10p15-p11.
    Am J Med Genet. 1998 Jul 10;81(4):296-301 PMID: 9674974
  13. Familiality of symptom dimensions in schizophrenia.
    Schizophr Res. 2001 Mar 1;47(2-3):223-32 PMID: 11278139
  14. Evaluation of linkage of bipolar affective disorder to chromosome 18 in a sample of 57 German families.
    Mol Psychiatry. 1999 Jan;4(1):76-84 PMID: 10089014
  15. Psychiatric illness in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic and surgical control patients. A family study using DSM-III criteria.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1985 Aug;42(8):770-9 PMID: 4015321
  16. Season of birth in schizophrenia: a review of evidence, methodology, and etiology.
    Psychol Bull. 1985 Nov;98(3):569-94 PMID: 4080898
  17. Deletions and microdeletions of 22q11.2 in velo-cardio-facial syndrome.
    Am J Med Genet. 1992 Sep 15;44(2):261-8 PMID: 1360769
  18. Bipolar disorder and panic disorder in families: an analysis of chromosome 18 data.
    Am J Psychiatry. 1998 Jun;155(6):829-31 PMID: 9619158
  19. The Roscommon Family Study. IV. Affective illness, anxiety disorders, and alcoholism in relatives.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 Dec;50(12):952-60 PMID: 8250681
  20. Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. A discriminant analysis, using 'lifetime' psychopathology ratings.
    Br J Psychiatry. 1991 Oct;159:485-94 PMID: 1751857
  21. Meta-analyses of studies of ventricular enlargement and cortical sulcal prominence in mood disorders. Comparisons with controls or patients with schizophrenia.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995 Sep;52(9):735-46 PMID: 7654125
  22. Month of birth, hemisphere of birth and schizophrenia.
    Br J Psychiatry. 1995 Dec;167(6):783-5 PMID: 8829747
  23. Prevalence of DSM III schizophrenia among the first-degree relatives of schizophrenic probands.
    Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1985 Oct;72(4):382-6 PMID: 4072739
  24. Molecular genetic studies of schizophrenia.
    Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1996;61:815-22 PMID: 9246506
  25. Additional support for schizophrenia linkage on chromosomes 6 and 8: a multicenter study. Schizophrenia Linkage Collaborative Group for Chromosomes 3, 6 and 8.
    Am J Med Genet. 1996 Nov 22;67(6):580-94 PMID: 8950417
  26. Risk of schizophrenia and age difference with older siblings. Evidence for a maternal viral infection hypothesis?
    Br J Psychiatry. 1993 Nov;163:627-33 PMID: 8298831
  27. Suicide and primary affective disorders.
    Br J Psychiatry. 1970 Oct;117(539):437-8 PMID: 5481206
  28. Support for a chromosome 18p locus conferring susceptibility to functional psychoses in families with schizophrenia, by association and linkage analysis.
    Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Oct;63(4):1139-52 PMID: 9758604
  29. A novel functional polymorphism within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene: possible role in susceptibility to affective disorders.
    Mol Psychiatry. 1996 Dec;1(6):453-60 PMID: 9154246
  30. Premorbid social functioning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: similarities and differences.
    Am J Psychiatry. 1997 Nov;154(11):1544-50 PMID: 9356562
  31. Neurodevelopmental disorders after prenatal famine: The story of the Dutch Famine Study.
    Am J Epidemiol. 1998 Feb 1;147(3):213-6 PMID: 9482494
  32. The maddening hunt for madness genes.
    Nat Genet. 1997 Oct;17(2):127-9 PMID: 9326920
  33. Psychotic and neurotic illnesses in twins.
    Spec Rep Ser Med Res Counc (G B). 1953;278:1-385 PMID: 13086069
  34. Evaluation of a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia on chromosome 6p by multipoint affected sib-pair linkage analysis.
    Nat Genet. 1995 Nov;11(3):325-7 PMID: 7581458
  35. Continuity and discontinuity of affective disorders and schizophrenia. Results of a controlled family study.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 Nov;50(11):871-83 PMID: 8215813
  36. Linkage of familial schizophrenia to chromosome 13q32.
    Am J Hum Genet. 1999 Oct;65(4):1096-103 PMID: 10486329
  37. Schizoaffective illness, schizophrenia and affective disorders: morbidity risk and genetic transmission.
    Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1982 Apr;65(4):253-62 PMID: 7080847
  38. Suggestive evidence of a locus on chromosome 10p using the NIMH genetics initiative bipolar affective disorder pedigrees.
    Am J Med Genet. 2000 Feb 7;96(1):18-23 PMID: 10686547
  39. Sex and schizophrenia: effects of diagnostic stringency, and associations with and premorbid variables.
    Br J Psychiatry. 1993 May;162:658-64 PMID: 8149118
  40. Prenatal exposure to maternal stress and subsequent schizophrenia. The May 1940 invasion of The Netherlands.
    Br J Psychiatry. 1998 Apr;172:324-6 PMID: 9715334
  41. Suggestive evidence for linkage of schizophrenia to markers on chromosome 13 in Caucasian but not Oriental populations.
    Hum Genet. 1997 Mar;99(3):417-20 PMID: 9050933
  42. A two-stage genome scan for schizophrenia susceptibility genes in 196 affected sibling pairs.
    Hum Mol Genet. 1999 Sep;8(9):1729-39 PMID: 10441337
  43. A high-density genome scan detects evidence for a bipolar-disorder susceptibility locus on 13q32 and other potential loci on 1q32 and 18p11.2.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 May 11;96(10):5604-9 PMID: 10318931
  44. A meta-analysis and transmission disequilibrium study of association between the dopamine D3 receptor gene and schizophrenia.
    Mol Psychiatry. 1998 Mar;3(2):141-9 PMID: 9577838
  45. Evidence for linkage of bipolar disorder to chromosome 18 with a parent-of-origin effect.
    Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Dec;57(6):1384-94 PMID: 8533768
  46. An independent analysis of the Danish Adoption Study of Schizophrenia. VI. The relationship between psychiatric disorders as defined by DSM-III in the relatives and adoptees.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984 Jun;41(6):555-64 PMID: 6732417
  47. Chromosome 18 DNA markers and manic-depressive illness: evidence for a susceptibility gene.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jun 21;91(13):5918-21 PMID: 8016089
  48. Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders: the Maudsley twin psychosis series.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Feb;56(2):162-8 PMID: 10025441
  49. Are schizophrenic and bipolar disorders related? A review of family and molecular studies.
    Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Sep 15;48(6):531-8 PMID: 11018225
  50. Congenital dermatoglyphic malformations in severe bipolar disorder.
    Psychiatry Res. 1998 May 8;78(3):133-40 PMID: 9657417
  51. A combined analysis of D22S278 marker alleles in affected sib-pairs: support for a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia at chromosome 22q12. Schizophrenia Collaborative Linkage Group (Chromosome 22).
    Am J Med Genet. 1996 Feb 16;67(1):40-5 PMID: 8678112
  52. Schizophrenia susceptibility loci on chromosomes 13q32 and 8p21.
    Nat Genet. 1998 Sep;20(1):70-3 PMID: 9731535
  53. A locus for bipolar affective disorder on chromosome 4p.
    Nat Genet. 1996 Apr;12(4):427-30 PMID: 8630499
  54. A linkage study of bipolar illness.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997 Jan;54(1):27-35 PMID: 9006397
  55. Affected-sib-pair interval mapping and exclusion for complex genetic traits: sampling considerations.
    Genet Epidemiol. 1996;13(2):117-37 PMID: 8722742
  56. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for schizophrenia, affective psychosis, and reactive psychosis of early onset: case-control study.
    BMJ. 1999 Feb 13;318(7181):421-6 PMID: 9974454
  57. The risk for psychiatric disorders in relatives of schizophrenic and control probands: a comparison of three independent studies.
    Psychol Med. 1997 Mar;27(2):411-9 PMID: 9089833
  58. The group of schizophrenias, schizoaffective psychoses, and affective disorders.
    Schizophr Bull. 1980;6(4):586-91 PMID: 7444390
  59. Initial genomic scan of the NIMH genetics initiative bipolar pedigrees: chromosomes 3, 5, 15, 16, 17, and 22.
    Am J Med Genet. 1997 May 31;74(3):238-46 PMID: 9184305
  60. Further evidence for a susceptibility locus on chromosome 10p14-p11 in 72 families with schizophrenia by nonparametric linkage analysis.
    Am J Med Genet. 1998 Jul 10;81(4):302-7 PMID: 9674975
  61. Morbidity risks of schizophrenia and affective disorders among first degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia, mania, depression and surgical conditions.
    Br J Psychiatry. 1980 Dec;137:497-504 PMID: 7214104
Article Info
Journal
Current psychiatry reports
Abbr.
Curr Psychiatry Rep
ISSN
1523-3812
DOI
10.1007/s11920-001-0030-1
Published
2001-08-00
Pages
332-7
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
100888960
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1007/s11920-001-0030-1 View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: product@genelibs.com

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2